Logistic Regression Analysis of the Mechanism of Blunt Brain Injury Inference Based on CT Images / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the correlation between CT imaging features of acceleration and deceleration brain injury and injury degree.@*METHODS@#A total of 299 cases with acceleration and deceleration brain injury were collected and divided into acceleration brain injury group and deceleration brain injury group according to the injury mechanism. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and Glasgow coma scale (GCS), combined with skull fracture, epidural hematoma (EDH), subdural hematoma (SDH) and brain contusion on the same and opposite sides of the stress point were selected as the screening indexes. χ2 test was used for primary screening, and binary logistic regression analysis was used for secondary screening. The indexes with the strongest correlation in acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism were selected.@*RESULTS@#χ2 test showed that skull fracture and EDH on the same side of the stress point; EDH, SDH and brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point; SAH, GCS were correlated with acceleration and deceleration injury (P<0.05). According to binary logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of EDH on the same side of the stress point was 2.697, the OR of brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point was 0.043 and the OR of GCS was 0.238, suggesting there was statistically significant (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#EDH on the same side of the stress point, brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point and GCS can be used as key indicators to distinguish acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism. In addition, skull fracture on the same side of the stress point, EDH and SDH on the opposite of the stress point and SAH were relatively weak indicators in distinguishing acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism.

Multiple Brain Abscesses by an Air Gun Shot: A Case Report

Introduction Low-velocity penetrating brain injury is not prevalent. In some conditions such as childhood, and with the penetration of a pellet in weak spots of skull, low-velocity penetrating brain injury is expected; however, high-velocity projectiles have also been reported as the cause of severe brain injuries. One of the complications of penetrating brain injury is infection, in which different types ofmicroorganisms play a role. The Streptococcus genus is the leading cause of abscess formation in nontraumatic patients. Multiple brain abscesses are not common. Case Presentation A 10-year-old boy with penetrating brain injury caused by an air gun pellet, who developed signs and symptoms of high intracranial pressure 18 days after the trauma. After the imaging scans and the detection of multiple brain abscesses and severe brain edema, prompt surgical intervention was performed for all three lesions in a single operation. The culture of a pus specimen was positive for Streptococcus species, and, with adequate antibiotic therapy, the patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition. Conclusion Brain injurywith air gun shot is not prevalent. The penetration of a low-velocity air gun pellet in weak points of the skull (such as the orbit, the squamous portion of the temporal bone, and the cranial suture), specially in children, can cause significant brain injuries.

Treatment of naso-orbito-etmoidal Type III fracture in adolescents: case report / Tratamiento de la fractura naso-orbito-etmoidal Tipo III en adolescentes: relato de un caso

The naso-orbito-ethmoidal region is composed of delicate bones and when fractured may result in significant aesthetic-functional impairment. Diagnosis through clinical and imaging findings is extremely important for surgical planning. This study aims to report a case of type III fracture of the naso-orbito-ethmoidal region. Patient D.R.S., female, 13 years old, attended the emergency department of Hospital dos Fornecedores de Cana de Piracicaba (HFCP) - SP with complaint of pain in the fronto-nasal region and respiratory distress after trauma in face of baseball bat. Physical examination showed edema and short blunt injury in the region of the nasal dorsum and frontal region, bilateral periorbital hematoma, hyposphagma in right eye and traumatic telecanthus. When analyzing the computed tomography, it was observed fracture of the nasal bones, also affecting the medial wall of the orbit. The procedure was osteosynthesis of the fractures and reconstruction of the nasal dorsum. The fracture traces were exposed from coronal access, reduction of fractures and use of calvarial bone graft for nasal dorsum reconstruction. The fracture and the graft were fixed with plates of 1,6mm. Postoperative computed tomography analysis showed good graft positioning, but there was still a slight sinking of the left lateral wall of the nose. In a second moment another surgical intervention was done to reduce this wall and an internal containment device was installed. Currently the patient is in a state of observation and a follow-up period of 665 days. In cases of complex nasoorbito-ethmoidal fractures early diagnosis and treatment is essential to minimize sequelae and provide a better aesthetic and functional result.

La región etmoidal nasoorbital está compuesta de huesos delicados y, cuando se fractura, puede provocar una lesión estética-funcional significativa. El diagnóstico mediante hallazgos clínicos y de imagen es de suma importancia para la planificación quirúrgica. El paciente D.R.S., mujer, 13 años, leucoderma, asistió al servicio de emergencia del Hospital de Proveedores de Caña de Azúcar de Piracicaba quejándose de dolor en la región frontal-nasal y dificultad para respirar después de un traumatismo en la cara con un palo. El examen físico reveló edema y lesión contundente en el dorso nasal y la región frontal, hematoma periorbitario bilateral, hiposfagma del ojo derecho y telecanto traumático. Al analizar la tomografía computarizada se observó fractura de los huesosnasales en libro abierto, afectando también la pared medial de la órbita. El enfoque aplicado fue la osteosíntesis de fracturas y la reconstrucción del dorso nasal. Los rastros de fractura se expusieron del abordaje coronal, se redujeron las fracturas y se usaron injertos de casquete para reconstruir el dorso nasal. La fractura y el injerto se fijaron con placas de sistema de 1,6 mm y se realizó la cantopexia de los ligamentos cantales mediales. Se requirió cirugía reparadora secundaria para la corrección de la pared lateral de la nariz, que persistió en el postoperatorio. Actualmente el paciente se encuentra en un estado de conservación y período de seguimiento de 665 días. En casos de fracturas nasoorbitales-etmoidales complejas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos son esenciales para minimizar las secuelas y proporcionar un mejor resultado estético y funcional.

Alternativas de tratamento para reconstrução de osso frontal: uma série de casos / Treatment alternatives for frontal bone reconstruction: a series of cases

Objetivo: este artigo se propõe a discutir as diferentes modalidades de tratamento de fraturas de osso frontal, demonstradas em uma série de casos clínicos. Relato de casos: três pacientes de gênero variado e com diferentes etiologias de trauma, foram submetidos à cranioplastia, devido a fraturas das corticais externa e interna do osso frontal (além de fixação de outras fraturas de face, em dois dos casos). Nessa série, são apresentados tratamentos com uso de prótese customizada de polimetilmetacrilato, idealizada sobre um protótipo, reconstrução da bossa frontal a partir de telas de titânio e ainda redução óssea com fixação por meio de placas e parafusos. Em todos os casos apresentados, os resultados estéticos e funcionais foram satisfatórios. Considerações finais: baseado no que foi discutido, entendemos que o planejamento deve ser realizado de forma individual e a decisão por qualquer técnica vai depender da gravidade e da extensão da fratura. Para tanto, é necessária uma avaliação criteriosa do caso em questão.(AU)

Objective: This study aims to discuss the different treatment modalities of frontal bone fractures presented in a series of clinical cases. Case report: Three patients of different genders and with different trauma etiologies were subjected to cranioplasty due to fractures of the external and internal cortical of the frontal bone (besides the fixation of other facial fractures, in two of the cases). This series presents treatments using a custom polymethylmethacrylate prosthesis designed on a prototype, the reconstruction of the frontal vault from titanium meshes, and bone reduction with fixation using plates and screws. In all cases presented, the aesthetic and functional results were satisfactory. Final Considerations: The study discussions allow understanding that planning should be performed individually and the decision for any technique will depend on the severity and extent of the fracture. Therefore, a careful assessment of the case in question is required.(AU)

Retrospective analysis of a case series of patients with traumatic injuries to the craniocervical junction / Análise retrospectiva de série de casos com lesões traumáticas da junção craniocervical

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the correlation between the treatment, the characteristics of the lesions and the clinical outcome of patients with traumatic injuries to the craniocervical junction. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients treated conservatively or surgically between 2010 and 2013 with complete data sets. Results We analyzed 37 patients, 73% were men with mean age of 41.7 years. Of these, 32% were submitted to initial surgical treatment and 68% received conservative treatment. Seven (29%) underwent surgery subsequently. In the surgical group, there were seven cases of odontoid type II fractures, two cases of fracture of posterior elements of the axis, one case of C1-C2 dislocation with associated fractured C2, one case of occipitocervical dislocation, and one case of combined C1 and C2 fractures, and facet dislocation. Only one patient had neurological déficit that improved after treatment. Two surgical complications were seen: a liquoric fistula and one surgical wound infection (reaproached). In the group treated conservatively, odontoid fractures (eight cases) and fractures of the posterior elements of C2 (five cases) were more frequent. In two cases, in addition to the injuries of the craniocervical junction, there were fractures in other segments of the spine. None of the patients who underwent conservative treatment presented neurological deterioration. Conclusion Although injuries of craniocervical junction are relatively rare, they usually involve fractures of the odontoid and the posterior elements of the axis. Our results recommend early surgical treatment for type II odontoid fractures and ligament injuries, the conservative treatment for other injuries.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre o tratamento, as características das lesões e o resultado clínico em pacientes com lesões traumáticas na junção craniocervical. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes maiores de 18 anos tratados de forma conservadora ou cirúrgica, entre 2010 e 2013. Resultados Foram analisados 37 pacientes, 73% eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 41,7 anos. Inicialmente 32% dos pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, e 68% foram submetidos a tratamento conservador. Sete pacientes (29%) do grupo conservador foram submetidos posteriormente à cirurgia. No grupo cirúrgico, houve sete casos de fratura de odontóide tipo II, dois casos de fratura de elementos posteriores do áxis, um caso de luxação C1-C2, um caso de deslocamento occipito-cervical e um caso de fraturas de C1 e C2 e luxação facetária. Um paciente apresentava déficit neurológico, melhorando após o tratamento. Houve duas complicações pós-cirúrgicas, uma fístula liquórica e uma infecção de ferida operatória (reabordada). No grupo conservador, predominaram as fraturas do odontóide (oito) e dos elementos posteriores de C2 (cinco). Em dois casos, havia também fraturas em outros segmentos da coluna. Nenhum dos pacientes deste grupo apresentou deterioração neurológica. Conclusão As lesões da junção craniocervical são raras, sendo mais frequentes as fraturas do odontóide e dos elementos posteriores do áxis. Nossos resultados recomendam o tratamento cirúrgico precoce para os pacientes com fraturas do odontóide tipo II e lesões ligamentares, e tratamento conservador para os demais pacientes.

Forensic Analysis of 95 Nasal Bone Fracture Cases Caused by Blunt Instrument / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the characteristics of nasal bone fracture caused by blunt instrument, including the fracture types, the fracture repair, and the difference of manifestations between X-ray and CT. To provide reference for the identification.@*METHODS@#The information of basic situation, fracture site, injury manner, diagnosis method, expert opinion of 95 adult nasal fracture cases caused by blunt object, which occurred in Gutian county of Fujian province from January 1999 to December 2013, were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The identification conclusions of different injuries were compared according to new and old standards as well.@*RESULTS@#There were total 95 adults including 87 male and 8 female. The fracture site and quantity have significant correlation with the nasal bone anatomical relations and the direction and size of the force. Compound fracture was most common. The fracture that could not be determined by X-ray could be clearly diagnosed by CT examination. According to new and old standards, different fracture types have different identification conclusions.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are gender differences in nasal bone fracture cases. Larger external force is easy to cause compound fracture. CT examination is significantly better than X-ray examination.

Fratura de côndilos occipitais / Occipital condyles fractures

A fratura de côndilos occipitais é uma afecção considerada rara, mas que pode estar sendo subdiagnosticada. Fatores como a apresentação clínica variável, o exame físico frustro e a não identificação por radiografia simples dificultam esse diagnóstico, podendo levar a complicações como paralisia de nervos cranianos caudais e até mesmo a óbito. O presente estudo tem como objetivo revisar a literatura pertinente às fraturas de côndilos occipitais, com enfoque nas considerações anatômicas da junção craniocervical e ressaltando aspectos fisiopatológicos, parâmetros clínicos e as controvérsiasquanto ao tratamento. O incremento das técnicas radiológicas e a maior disponibilidade e uso de tomografia computadorizada possibilitaram o aumento do número de casos descritos dessas fraturas nas últimas décadas. A apresentação clínica é inespecífica e a tomografia da junção craniocervical é o método diagnóstico de escolha. A ausência de diagnóstico é responsável por sequelas, como déficits neurológicos, e foram descritas taxas de mortalidade de até 16% em casos de fraturas bilaterais. Omecanismo de injúria exato não é bem conhecido, mas a maioria dos autores indica a hiperextensão do pescoço associada à força vertical sobre a junção craniocervical. O tratamento é controverso, por causa da inconsistência nos resultados obtidos com o tratamento conservador baseado na classificação de Anderson e Montesano, em comparação com o escasso número de doentes tratados cirurgicamente.

The occipital condyle fractures are rare lesions, but they may have been under-diagnosed. Factors such as variable clinical presentation, inconclusive physical examination and no identification in the simple radiography difficult the diagnosis and may lead to complications such as paralysis of cranial nerves and death. This study aims to review the literature about occipital condyle fractures, emphasizing the anatomical considerations of the craniovertebral junction, pathophysiological view, clinical presentationand controversies regarding treatment. The improvement in radiological techniques and the increased availability and usage of computed tomography allowed the growth of reported cases of these fracturesin recent decades. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and CT of the craniocervical junction is the diagnostic method of choice. The absence of a diagnosis is responsible for sequel, such as neurologic deficits, and as mortality rates are of up to 16% in cases of bilateral fractures. The exact mechanism of injury is not well known, but most authors indicate the hyperextension of the neck associated with the vertical force on the craniocervical junction. The treatment is controversial due to the inconsistencies in the results obtained with conservative treatment based on the classification of Anderson and Montesano, compared to the small number of patients treated surgically.

Application of MSCT and post-processing images to fractures of nasal bone in forensic identification / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the application of MSCT and post-processing images to fractures of nasal bone in forensic identification.@*METHODS@#134 cases were examined by thin slice scanning with MSCT and all of the data were sent to workstation for MPR and SSD. The result of MSCT was compared with that of X-ray.@*RESULTS@#There are 55 (41.04%) cases of linear fracture, 46 (34.33%) cases of comminuted fracture, 27 (20.15%) cases of depressed fracture and 6 (4.48%) cases of no fracture in this sample. With X-ray or CR, 48 (35.82%) cases were misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. 133 (99.25%) cases were confirmed by MSCT. Significance difference was found between X-ray and MSCT (chi2= 45.0816, P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#MSCT and post-processing images might be the chief evidence for nasal fractures in forensic identification.

Growing skull fractures.

Growing skull fractures or craniocerebral erosions are rare sequel to cranial fractures where progressively growing cranial defects follow lacerations involving the duramater. Their usual site is the parietal region. They present as a cystic, non-tender swelling with an underlying palpable bony defect. One such case is reported.

Traumatismos del hueso temporal / Temporary bone traumatisms

Injuries to the temporal bone are caused by high energy mechanisms. Fractures, longitudinal or transverse, are the most frequent lesions and they need to be specifically searched. If the fracture is not visible, its presence is suspected by means of indirect signs, such as soft tissue occupation within mastoid cells, or in the tympanic cavity, and air in an abnormal situation. The ossicular chain can undergo luxations, being the most frequent the incudomallear joint, and fractures. For the study of traumatic injuries of the temporal bone, the CT scan should be the method of choice, especially by means of multislice technology, since the speed of acquisition, and the good quality of multiplanar reconstructions, facilitates the diagnosis.

: Los traumatismos del hueso temporal ocurren por mecanismos de alta energía. Las fracturas, longitudinales o transversales, son las lesiones más frecuentes y deben buscarse dirigidamente. Si el rasgo de fractura no es visualizado, signos indirectos como ocupación de partes blandas en celdillas mastoideas o en la caja timpánica y aire en lugares no habituales, deberían aumentar la sospecha. La cadena de huesecillos puede lesionarse por luxaciones, la incudomaleolar es la más frecuente, o por fracturas. Para el estudio de las lesiones traumáticas del hueso temporal, la tomografía computada debe ser el método de elección, sobretodo si se realiza con tecnología multicorte ya que, la rapidez en la adquisición y la gran calidad en reconstrucciones multiplanares facilita el diagnóstico.